Ileyibhile yabucala sisivumelwano apho umthengi anikezela ngebrendi kwaye umzi-mveliso unikezela ngayo yonke enye into - ngomzimba, ukukhazimla, ukupakishwa, umsebenzi wamaphepha, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho olukhusela uphawu xa sele lukwimveliso.
Kwi-ceramic ware sanitary, loo khontrakthi ineendlela zokusebenza ezintlanu: ukufakwa kwelogo, ukugqitywa komphezulu, ukupakishwa, amaxwebhu okuthotyelwa, kunye nekhonkco lokuvunywa kwesampulu. Ngamnye unemilinganiselo yokwamkelwa, kwaye nganye iyasilela ngendlela eqikelelwayo xa ezo milinganiselo zishiywe ngaphandle komyalelo wokuthenga.
1. ILogo yesicelo: Iindlela ezintlanu ezineProfayili eDifferent Durability
Ilogo kwisixhobo seceramic ayisosincamathelisi. Ngumhombiso ofakwe okanye kwi-glaze, kwaye indlela ekhethiweyo imisela ukuba i-logo iphila ixesha elingakanani ukucoca iikhemikhali, ukukrwela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla. Iindlela ezintlanu ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yorhwebo:
| Indlela | Inkqubo | Ukudubula | Indawo yelogo | Ukuqina | Iindleko / iyunithi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-underglaze decal | Imibala yeCeramic esetyenziswa kumzimba webhisikidi | I-1280℃yomlilo omnye | Ngaphakathi kwi-glaze layer | 1 - inde | +$1.20–2.50 |
| Idecal egqwesileyo | I-Decal isetyenziswe kwi-glaze evuthayo, yacinywa | 750–850℃umlilo yesibini | Kwi-glaze surface | 2 | +$0.80–1.80 |
| Ukuprintwa kwePad | I-Silicone pad idlulisela i-inki kwi-glaze evuthayo | Akukho mlilo | Kwi-glaze surface | 3 | +$0.40–1.00 |
| Embossing ngundo | Ilogo eyakhelwe kubumba lwesamente njengesiqabu | I-1280℃yomlilo omnye | Kumzimba womzimba | 1 - isigxina, i monochrome | + $300–800 intlawulo ngundo |
| Ukufakwa kweLaser | Umaleko we-glaze ucinyiwe kwiqhekeza elitshisiweyo | Thumela-umlilo | Kwi glaze | 3–4 | +$1.50–3.00 |
I-underglaze decallukhetho olusemgangathweni lweempawu eziceba ukuhlala kwimarike iminyaka. Idecal isetyenziswa kwi bisque -body fired, egqunywe yi glaze, kwaye ivuswe kwi 1280 degree. I-logo iphelela ngaphakathi kwi-glaze layer: ayinakukrwelwa, kwaye iikhemikhali zokucoca zidibanisa i-glaze kune-pigment. Urhwebo-lucinyiwe ngumbala - utshintsho lwebala le-ceramic ngexesha lokudubula, ngoko ke umbala okhutshiweyo awukhe ungqamane nobungqina obuprintiweyo ncam. Olo tshintsho kufuneka luvunywe kwisampuli egxothiweyo, kungekhona kubungqina bephepha.
Idecal egqwesileyokwayeushicilelo lwephedikubiza kancinci kwaye uvelise umbala ngokuqikelelwa ngakumbi, kodwa umhombiso uhlala phezu komhlaba. Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo -zokubamba (iitanki ezingaphambili, iirimu zesitya), ezi ndlela zibonisa ukunxitywa okubonakalayo kwisithuba seminyaka eyi-2-4 kwiindawo zorhwebo.
Embossing ngundoivelisa i-logo eyinxalenye yomzimba kwaye ayikwazi ukuguga, kodwa i-monochrome kwaye isigxina, kwaye ivalela umthengi kwi-mold ezinikeleyo - ephakamisa i-MOQ yokubumba.Ukufakwa kweLaserisusa umaleko omncinci we-glaze ukudala uphawu olufihlakeleyo lwetoni; ilungela ukugqibezela kwe-matte apho ilogo esezantsi{0} yothelekiso ikhethwayo.
Iimfuno zomsebenzi wobugcisa ziyafana kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi na indlela: i-vector outlines (AI okanye i-PDF enombhalo ochaziweyo), iireferensi zemibala yePantone okanye ye-RAL, kunye nowona mmandla uphezulu oprintwayo kwindawo nganye. Umzi-mveliso kufuneka unikezele ngogwayimbo olugxothiweyo{1}lokukhupha isampulu phambi kwemveliso - ubungqina bephepha asilolwamkelo.
2. Gqiba iNkcazo: IMatte vs.
Ukugqiba yinto yokuqala umthengi ayibonayo kwaye into yokuqala umthengi aphikisana ngayo. Imveliso yorhwebo isebenzisa iintsapho ezimbini ze-glaze, kwaye inkcazo kufuneka ibhalwe ngamanani, kungekhona izichazi.
Ukukhazimla kweglosi- 85-95 GU ilinganiswe kwi-60℃glossmeter (ISO 2813). Umphezulu weglosi ogudileyo, ovaleke ngokupheleleyo ukhupha amabala kwaye usisiseko seendawo zokuhlala kunye nemigca yentengiso elula.
I-matte glaze- 10–30 GU kwi-60 degree. I-Matte igqiba ukufihla ukubonwa kwamanzi kunye neminwe, yiyo loo nto belawula uyilo lobubele. Ixabiso lemveliso alikho ngaphantsi: umphezulu we-matte uveza iziphene zesicelo (imingxuma, i-runs, i-glaze pulls) efihla umphezulu weglosi, kunye ne-matte glazes inobunwele obungaphezulu kumphezulu, ngoko ke ukusebenza kokukhutshwa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngeprothokholi yovavanyo efanayo esetyenziselwa isilungiseleli seglosi.
Nokuba yeyiphi na intsapho, ikhontrakthi yeleyibhile yabucala kufuneka ilungise amanani amane:
Ubukhulu beglaze: 1.0–1.2mm
Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke imiphezulu ebonakalayo, ilinganiswa -ngecandelo phantsi kokwandiswa okanye ngegeyiji yokwaleka engonakalisiyo kwiisampulu ezikhutshiweyo. Ngaphantsi kwe-0.8mm, i-glaze idlula kwi-3-5 iminyaka kwinkonzo yorhwebo.
Ukudubula kwi-1280 degree
Umzimba u-vitrifies ukuya Ngaphantsi okanye ukulingana ne-0.2% yokufunxa kwamanzi kwaye i-glaze ivuthwa ngokupheleleyo kumjikelo ofanayo we-kiln. Ubushushu bokudubula akuxoxiswana ngebhetshi nganye - iinkqubo yokuvelisa yangasese ye-vitreous chinaInqaku lichaza indlela iiprofayili ze-tonnel kiln ezibamba ngayo ubushushu kumawakawaka amaqhekeza ngosuku.
I-Glaze-ukulingana komzimba
Ukwandiswa kwe-thermal ukungahambelani phakathi kwe-glaze kunye nomzimba kuvelisa ukuthanda - iintanda zeenwele kwiglaze ezibonakala kwiiveki zofakelo. Ikhathalogu yokusilela ngokupheleleyo, iindlela zokubona, kunye nolawulo lothintelo zibhalwe kwiIsikhokelo sohlalutyo lwe-glaze defect.
Delta E (ΔE) ukunyamezela umbala
ΔE ngumahluko wombala weCIELAB phakathi kwesampulu elinganisiweyo kunye nereferensi. Amaxabiso anyanzeliswa:ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-1.5ngokuchasene nesampulu yegolide evunyiweyo ngaphakathi kwemveliso,ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-2.0phakathi kwemitsi. Umlinganiselo: i-spectrophotometer, i-D65 ekhanyayo, i-10℃monitorer, i-avareji yokufunda okuthathu kwiindawo ezichaziweyo.
Umbala weCeramic ukhukuliseka ngenxa yezizathu zomzimba: ukuguquguquka kwebhetshi ye-pigment, ubuninzi be-glaze slip, indawo ye-kiln (phezulu xa uthelekiswa neshelufu esezantsi yohluka nge-10-20 degree), kunye nobukhulu bodonga. Umthengisi ocaphula "umbala ofanayo njengexesha lokugqibela" ngaphandle kwedatha ye-ΔE ayinayo inkqubo yokulawula umbala. Umboneleli ohambisa ingxelo ye-ΔE ngebhetshi nganye unenye.
Gqibezela isiShwankathelo seNgcaciso
| Ipharamitha | Isilungisi seglosi | I-Matte spec | Indlela yokuvavanya |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukufundwa kweglosi ngama-60 | 85–95 GU | 10–30 GU | ISO 2813 iglosimitha |
| Ubukhulu beglaze | 1.0–1.2mm | 1.0–1.2mm | Ukunqumla-icandelo / igeyiji yokwaleka |
| Umbala vs. isampuli yegolide | ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-1.5 | ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-1.5 | I-CIELAB, i-D65, i-10 degree |
| Phakathi-nombala obalekayo | ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-2.0 | ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-2.0 | I-CIELAB, i-D65, i-10 degree |
| Ubushushu bokudubula | 1280 idigri | 1280 idigri | Iirekhodi zeprofayili yeKiln |
3. Ukupakishwa: Iikhathoni, iileyibhile, kunye noQinisekiso lokuMakisha
Ibhokisi liqhekeza lokuqala lesibambiso sophawu umthengi alibambayo, kwaye ileyibhile luxwebhu oluhambisa iimpahla ngezithethe. Ulawulo lomonakalo othunyelwa ngaphandle - kabini{2}}iikhathoni eludongeni ezine-Edge Crush Test rating 9.0 kN/m, iibhloko zekona yogwebu, ifilimu yePE, kunye nemithetho yokuhlohlwa - ngumxholo weinqaku lemigangatho yokupakisha yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ileyibhile yangasese yongeza iimfuno ezimbini phezulu: iibhokisi eziprintiweyo kunye neelebhile eziqinisekisiweyo.
Iibhokisi eziprintiweyo.Iibhokisi zeeleyibhile zabucala ziphethe ibhrendi yomthengi, igama lemveliso, imodeli, kwaye rhoqo ifoto yemveliso. Umzi-mveliso uodola ezi zinto kumenzi weebhokisi; ipleyiti yoshicilelo lixabiso lexesha elinye-elimalunga ne-$150–400 ngoyilo lwebhokisi, kwaye ikhathoni ye-MOQ iqhuba amaqhekeza angama-500–1,000 kuyilo ngalunye. Ubungqina bebhokisi kufuneka buvunywe phambi kokuba umenzi webhokisi aqalise ukusebenza - kwalo mgaqo ufanayo wesango lokuvunywa njengogwayimbo lwelogo{9}}.
IiNdawo zoleyibhile
| Intsimi | Umxholo ofunekayo | Kutheni ibalulekile nje? |
|---|---|---|
| Uphawu kunye nemodeli | Igama lebrand yomthengi, imodeli yekhowudi | Ishelufu kunye nekhathalogu ehambelanayo |
| Ibhakhowudi | I-UPC/EAN-13, i-ANSI print grade C okanye engcono | Ukuthembeka kokuskena okuthengisiweyo |
| HS ikhowudi | 6910.10 (porcelain/china sanitary ware) | Ukuhlelwa kwezithethe |
| Ubungakanani | Iziqwenga ngebhokisi, iibhokisi kwipalethi nganye, iyonke | Bala ukuqinisekiswa |
| Ubunzima | Umnatha kunye nobunzima obupheleleyo ngebhokisi nganye | Amaxabiso empahla, ukhuseleko lokuphatha |
| Imilinganiselo | Ibhokisi L×W×H | Ucwangciso lwesikhongozeli |
| Ukumakishwa kwemvelaphi | "Yenziwe etshayina" | Ukuphawula ukuthotyelwa komthetho |
| Ukuphatha amanqaku | Ethambileyo, kweli cala phezulu | Ukhathalelo lokuhamba |
Isicwangciso soxinaniso lwesikhongozeli - indlela imilinganiselo yebhokisi eguqulelwa ngayo kwi-20ft kunye ne-40ft yezicwangciso zokulayisha - igutyungelwe kwiIsikhokelo sokulayisha isikhongozeli. Iileyibhile ziqinisekiswa ngesingqinisiso sebhakhowudi xa kuhlolwa okokugqibela; ileyibhile eskena kwibakala D kwidokhi yimbuyekezo yokubuyisela kwiivenkile. Ubungqina belebhile (imimandla, imilinganiselo, ikhowudi yebhakhowudi) ingena kwisango lemvume elifanayo njengobungqina bebhokisi.
4. Uxwebhu lokuThobela: i-cUPC, i-WaterMark, kunye neeFayile zeCE
Ulungiso oludlula umzi-mveliso we-QC kodwa lusilele isiqinisekiso semarike kukukhumbula. Iseti yefayile yokuthobela iyahluka ngokwendawo yemarike, kwaye umthengi kufuneka acele iifayile ngamagama kwi-odolo yokuthenga:
CuPC (kuMntla Melika)
Isatifikethi esichasene neKhowudi eFanayo yokuPlumbing (IAPMO), enesiqalo "c" esibonisa ukuqondwa kwekhowudi yaseKhanada (uthotho lweCSA B45) kunye nokusebenza okugungxulwayo ngokwe ASME A{1}6.0 L ubuninziukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Iseti yefayile: isatifikethi esisebenzayo esiquka eyona nombolo yomzekelo, eyesithathu{1}}ingxelo yovavanyo, kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa weleyibhile yesiqinisekiso. Izatifikethi ziyimodeli-zingqale, hayi inkampani-ebanzi - qinisekisa inombolo yemodeli kwisatifikethi esihambelana nomyalelo wokuthenga.
I-WaterMark (eOstreliya)
Isinyanzelokwiimveliso zemibhobho ezithengiswa kwaye zifakwe eOstreliya. Isiqinisekiso sikhutshwe ngokuchasene ne-AS/NZS 5200 series; ezimbini-izixhobo zokugungxula kufuneka zithwale nobhaliso lwe-WELS (ngokuqhelekileyo yi-4.5/3 L). Iseti yefayile: Isiqinisekiso se-WaterMark, inombolo yobhaliso ye-WELS, ubungqina bovavanyo. Ngaphandle kwe-WaterMark, isilungiso asinakufakwa ngokusemthethweni eOstreliya - olu luxwebhu -olungaxoxisanayo, ayisosiqinisekiso sentengiso.
CE (iManyano yaseYurophu)
Impahla ye-ceramic engenanto yococeko ayixhomekekanga kwimfuno yokumakisha i-CE, kodwa okomzuzwana isilungiso siphethe i-electronic component - i-electronic flush actuators, i-sensor faucets, izibuko ezihlakaniphile, izihlalo ezifudumalayo - i-Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU) kunye ne-EMC Directive (2014/30) . Uninzi lwabasasazi be-EU bacela iSibhengezo sokuThotyelwa kunye nefayile yovavanyo exhasayo yemveliso edityanisiweyo nangona umzimba we-ceramic wodwa ukhululiwe.
Ixesha lesatifikethi sisinyanzelo sokucwangcisa: iinkqubo zokuqala zesatifikethi ziyadlaIiveki ezi-4-8kuquka nolungiselelo lwesampulu kunye{0}}novavanyo lomntu wesithathu, kunye nezatifikethi{1}ziphinda ziphicothwe kumjikelo. IIsikhokelo se-Incotermsibandakanya apho ukuthotyelwa kunye nomthwalo wezithethe uhleli phantsi kweFOB, CIF, kunye neDDP - phantsi kweDDP, umthengisi uyazicoca iimpahla, ngoko ke ukuqinisekiswa kwesatifikethi kuba yingxaki yomthengisi ukungqina.
5. I-MOQ kunye ne-Approval Workflow: Ukusuka kwiSampulu yokuqala ukuya kwiSampule yeGolden
Ulwakhiwo lwe-MOQ.Ii-MOQ zeeleyibhile zabucala zicatshulwe kumanqanaba amathathu, kwaye inqanaba ngalinye liqhutywa ngeendleko ezahlukeneyo:
| Inqanaba le-MOQ | Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo | Umqhubi |
|---|---|---|
| Umzimba / inkqubo yokumila | Iiyunithi ezingama-500–1,000 ngonyaka | Ukuhlawula amortization ngundo kunye nokucwangciswa kweziko |
| Uhombiso (ilogo / umbala) | 100–300 iiyunithi SKU nganye | Decal, pigment, kunye nombala{0}tshintsha amaxabiso okudubula |
| Iibhokisi eziprintiweyo | 500–1,000 iibhokisi kuyilo ngalunye | Ipleyiti yomenzi webhokisi kwaye uqhube ubuncinci |
I-150-iodolo yeyunithi enenketho ezine zokuhombisa amaxabiso ngokwahlukileyo kwiyunithi enye 600-iodolo yeyunithi enelogo enye - umsantsa weyunithi nganye uqhelekile.8–15%, iqhutywa phantse ngokupheleleyo lulungiselelo kunye nombala -tshintsha iindleko zokudubula. Nokuba umzi-mveliso unokuzinikela ngokwenene kwi-MOQ yakho kumgca wexesha lakho kuxhomekeke kuluhlu lwempahla yokubumba kunye nomthamo we-kil; iIsikhokelo sovavanyo lwemvelisoibonelela ngesakhelo sokubala.
Ikhonkco lokuvunywa.Yonke iodolo yeleyibhile yabucala ihamba ngamasango emvume amahlanu:
| Isango | Iyahanjiswa | Sayina{{0}isiseko |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Umsebenzi wobugcisa | Ilogo / uqhankqalazo lokuhombisa{0}}lucinyiwe, lugxothiwe | Isampulu etshisiweyo ngokuchasene nereferensi yomsebenzi wobugcisa |
| 2. Ngaphambi{1}}isampulu yemveliso (PPS) | Ukulungiswa okupheleleyo kwinkqubo yemveliso | Ukukhangela okubonakalayo kunye nobukhulu |
| 3. Umbala / iphaneli yokugqiba | Iglosi okanye iiphaneli zematte ezinengxelo ye-ΔE | ΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana ne-1.5 vs. reference |
| 4. Ikhathoni kunye nobungqina belebhile | Ibhokisi eprintiweyo, ileyibhile umsebenzi wobugcisa | Indawo-nge{1}}jonga indawo |
| 5. Isampulu yegolide | Uyilo olusayiniweyo | Imvume ebhaliweyo ngamaqela omabini |
Iisampuli yegolidelolona xwebhu lubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yeleyibhile yabucala. Yireferensi ebonakalayo apho yonke iyunithi yemveliso ithelekiswa nokuhlolwa kokugqibela - umbala (ΔE), ukugqiba (ukufundwa kweglosi), indawo yelogo kunye nobukhulu, umgangatho weglaze. Isayinwa ngamaqela omabini, igcinwe kumzi-mveliso, kunye nekopi egcinwe ngumthengi. Isampulu yegolide ithathelwa indawo kuphela ngesivumelwano esidibeneyo esibhaliweyo. Xa ibhetshi yemveliso iphikisana, isampuli yegolide yinkundla yesibheno; iiprotocol yovavanyo lokulawula umgangathoInqaku ligubungela isicwangciso sesampulu se-AQL esiyisebenzisayo.
Iisampuli zokuthunyelwa kwempahla: iyunithi enye ngebhetshi (okanye ngesicwangciso se-AQL) izotywa ekuhlolweni kokugqibela kwaye igcinwe kwiinyanga ezili-12 njengerekhodi yokuthunyelwa, ehambelana nesampulu yegolide. Umzi-mveliso ongakwaziyo ukuvelisa isampuli yegolide xa uthelekisa ngexesha lokuhlolwa awusebenzisi inkqubo yeleyibhile yabucala - usebenzisa inkonzo yokuhombisa.
6. Uluhlu lokutshekisha i- Purchase Order
I-oda yokuthenga ileyibhile yabucala kufuneka iphathe, ubuncinci:
- ILogo:indlela, umzobo wobeko, ubungakanani obukhulu, ΔE unyamezelo ngokuchasene nogwayimbo olugxothiweyo{0}}cimile.
- Gqiba:iglosi okanye i-matte, uluhlu lwe-GU, ubukhulu be-glaze 1.0-1.2mm, ireferensi yombala wesampulu yegolide.
- Ukupakishwa:ukwakhiwa kwebhokisi, ireferensi yoyilo loshicilelo, uluhlu lweleyibhile yentsimi, ibakala lebhakhowudi, umhla wokuvunywa kobungqina.
- Ukuthobela:cUPC / WaterMark / CE iseti yefayile, iinombolo zemodeli yesatifikethi kunye nemihla yokuqinisekisa, umhla wokuhanjiswa kwefayile.
- MOQ:iiyunithi nge-SKU, ngokuhombisa, ikhathoni MOQ.
- Imvume:inombolo yesampulu yegolide, inqanaba lokuhlolwa kwe-AQL, ukugcinwa kwesampulu yokuthunyelwa.
- Imigaqo:I-Incoterm, indawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kunye neqela elinoxanduva lokuthobela.
Luseti yamanani angentla - agxothiweyo, alinganiswa, kwaye asayinwa phambi kokuba ibhetshi yokuqala yemveliso iqale.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Yeyiphi indlela ehlala ixesha elide yokufaka uphawu kwindlu yangasese yeceramic okanye isitya?
I-Underglaze decal: i-logo iprintwa nge-ceramic pigments, ifakwe kumzimba we-bisque, igqunywe nge-glaze, kwaye yatshiswa1280 idigri. I-logo ihleli ngaphakathi kwi-glaze layer, ngoko ayinakukrwelwa kwaye iikhemikhali zokucoca zingaze ziqhagamshelane ne-pigment. I-mold embossing isigxina ngokulinganayo kodwa ivelisa isiqabu se-monochrome kwaye ifuna ukubumba okuzinikeleyo.
Yintoni i-Delta E kwaye yintoni ukunyamezela endimele ndiyichaze?
I-Delta E (ΔE) ngumahluko wombala weCIELAB phakathi kwesampuli esilinganisiweyo kunye nomgangatho wokubhekisela. Kwi-ceramic ware sanitary, cacisaΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-1.5ngokuchasene nesampulu yegolide ngaphakathi ekuqhutyweni kwemveliso kunyeΔE Ngaphantsi okanye ilingana no-2.0phakathi kokubaleka, kulinganiswe nge-spectrophotometer kwi-D65 ekhanyayo kunye ne-10℃monitoring.
Yintoni isampuli yegolide?
Isampulu yegolide luphawu olusayiniweyo oluthi umthengi kunye nomzi-mveliso bavume kwaye bagcine njengereferensi yothelekiso ngalunye lwemveliso - umbala, ukugqiba, indawo yelogo, kunye nomgangatho wokumenyezela. Ithatyathelwa indawo kuphela sisivumelwano esidibeneyo esibhaliweyo kwaye ngumgangatho wesalathiso osetyenziswa kuhlolo lokugqibela lwe-AQL.
Zeziphi izatifikethi zokuthobela ezifunwa yilabhile yabucala edingwa yimpahla yokuhlambela?
cUPC(IAPMO, 6.0 L ubuninzi, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwe-B45 yaseCanada) eMntla Melika;I-WaterMark(AS/NZS 5200) kunye nokubhaliswa kwe-WELS e-Australia, apho kunyanzelekileyo phambi kofakelo olusemthethweni; kwayeCEiiseti zeefayile zemarike yaseYurophu nanini na xa ulungiso lubandakanya izixhobo zombane ezilawulwayo, kunye nesiBhengezo sokuThobela esidla ngokucelwa kwimveliso edityanisiweyo.
Yeyiphi i-MOQ eqhelekileyo yeleyibhile yabucala yokulungiswa kwegumbi lokuhlambela le-ceramic?
Uhombiso{0}}kwinqanaba le-MOQs lidla ngokuqhutywa100–300 iiyunithi SKU nganye; iinkqubo zomzimba kunye nokungunda ziqhuba iiyunithi ezingama-500–1,000 ngonyaka; iibhokisi eziprintiweyo ziqhuba amaqhekeza angama-500–1,000 kuyilo ngalunye. Ukuseta kunye nombala -ukutshintsha iindleko zokudubula ngabaqhubi - i-odolo yeyunithi engama-600 enelogo enye inokuxabisa i-8-15% esezantsi ngeyunithi nganye kuneyunithi ezili-150 ezineenketho zokuhombisa ezine.
🏷️ Fumana iisampulu zeleyibhile yabucala kunye neKhowuteshini
Ukucwangcisa umgca weleyibhile yabucala yokulungisa igumbi lokuhlambela? Qhagamshelana ne-Yingjie Bath yokucwangcisa iisampulu, ulwakhiwo lwe-MOQ, kunye noluhlu lwefayile yokuthotyelwa.
👉 Cela iisampulu zeleyibhile yabucala kunye nekowuti
